Analog signals 0-10 V and 4-20 mA
Russian article about 0-10 V, 0-20 mA and 4-20 mA signals: history, wiring, scaling, fault diagnostics and comparison.
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Practical articles
Focused articles about Modbus TCP, OPC UA, network discovery and device diagnostics.
RS-485 wiring and terminators
Russian article about differential A/B wiring, twisted pair, common wire, shield, bus topology, 120-ohm terminators and bias resistors.
Read in RussianBit-level variable representation
Flags, masks, signed types and REAL Float32 layout: sign, exponent and mantissa.
ReadNetwork scanner
ARP, ICMP, TCP ports, Modbus TCP scanner, LIVE and autoscan in FaScan.
ReadOPC UA and software servers
Why an OPC UA server is needed, how it structures data and publishes tags to clients.
ReadModbus map
Old 40001/30001 notation versus function code, offset, type and scale.
ReadOfficial Modbus specification
Primary-source links for MBAP, PDU, function codes, addresses and exceptions.
ReadModbus TCP message structure
MBAP, PDU, Unit ID, Function Code, register address, request and response.
ReadModbus TCP errors
Exception response, Modbus error codes and diagnostics in FaScan traffic window.
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